The separation of philosophy and science from theology began in Greece during the 6th century BC. For a history of philosophy in general, see History of philosophy. This section is about the history of philosophers as an occupation. A philosopher may also be someone who has worked in the humanities or other sciences which over the centuries have split from philosophy, such as the arts, history, economics, sociology, psychology, linguistics, anthropology, theology, and politics. In a modern sense, a philosopher is an intellectual who contributes to one or more branches of philosophy, such as aesthetics, ethics, epistemology, philosophy of science, logic, metaphysics, social theory, philosophy of religion, and political philosophy. Those who most arduously committed themselves to this lifestyle would have been considered philosophers.

In the classical sense, a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life, focusing upon resolving existential questions about the human condition it was not necessary that they discoursed upon theories or commented upon authors. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras (6th century BCE). The term philosopher comes from the Ancient Greek: φιλόσοφος, romanized: philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy.

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